A cofactor enzyme, critical for photosynthesis. Iron facilitates electron transfer within zooxanthellae, supporting the production of energy and carbohydrates, via chlorophyll, for coral

Supports coral colouration and cellular metabolic health by regulating oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant enzyme function and contributing to immune related processes.

An intracellular ion that supports zooxanthellae photosynthesis, enzyme function, and nutrient transport. In corals, it supports cellular and ionic balance enhancing pigmentation and growth.

Strengthens coral skeletons by supporting aragonite stability and calcification, potentially aiding zooxanthellae efficiency, function and healthy

In zooxanthellae, manganese is vital for photosystem II, the light-driven process that splits water, releases oxygen, and produces energy. In corals, manganese is used for skeletal and enzymatic functions.

Strontium substitutes for calcium in coral aragonite skeletons at an approximate 1:1000 ratio. This substitution stabilises the skeletal structure and facilitates calcification.

Supports coral and zooxanthellae health by forming sulfilimine bonds in collagen IV, aiding tissue and skeletal structures. Bromide acts synergistically with other halogens like iodine and fluorine.

Supports skeletal formation by buffering pH in coral calcifying fluid, assisting aragonite precipitation. Boron may aid zooxanthellae metabolism and coral pigmentation.

A nitrate reductase cofactor, aids zooxanthellae convert nitrate to ammonium. At 10–12 µg/L, it supports metabolism and photosynthesis, potentially reducing bleaching risk.

Barium is a naturally occurring trace element in seawater, with concentrations ranging from 5–20 µg/L. Barium substitutes for calcium in coral skeletons at an approximate 1:100,000 ratio.

A naturally occurring trace element in seawater, with concentrations ranging from 120–200 µg/L.